NADP and NADP analog were phosphorylated to NAD diphosphate and NADP analog phosphate, respectively, by an enzyme preparation of Proteus mirabilis (IFO 3849). The degradation products from NAD-diphosphate and NADP analog phosphate by the snake venom nucleotide pyrophosphatase were identical with nicotinamide riboside diphosphate and adenosine 2'(3'), 5'-diphosphate.

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Pectinesterase was extracted from the pulp of tomato fruit (Lycopersicum esculentum var. Hikari) pericarp with 250mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, and purified about 60 folds by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 column. The enzyme preparation thus obtained was confirmed to be homogeneous state both ultracentrifugationally and disk electrophoretically. The sedimentation coefficient of this enzyme was calculated to be 3.17S.

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According to the result of amino acid analysis, cystine, methionine and histidine were not detectable. The Km value was 0.24% for citrus pectin. The enzymatic activity was increased in the presence of sodium chloride, which also broad the activity range. The optimum pH in the 100mM sodium chloride was 8.0. There was a marked break in the Arrhenius plot at the temperature of 27°C and 31°C in the presence and absence of 100mM sodium chloride, respectively. The effect of potassium β-indolacetate, gibberellin, 6-benzyladenine and N-dimethylamino succinamidic acid on this enzyme was not remarkable.

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Ribonucleic acids having template activities were obtained from particulate components prepared from the postribosomal supernatant of soybean seeds. These RNA were 9S and 18S in size, and these corresponded to the components (9S, 18S) of high molecular weight RNA (H-RNA) prepared from the supernatant of 100, 000xg centrifugation. The sizes of the particulate components were 37S and 59S, respectively. Larger particles contained 18S and 9S RNA, and smaller particles contained 9S RNA, but not 18S RNA. Those particulate components differed in absorption pattern and in the behaviour on sucrose gradient centrifugation depending on the concentration of Mg²⁺ from the subunits of ribosomes.

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The content of the ovomucin gel obtained from the gel parts of stored thick white decreased during storage. Changes of the content of the ovomucin gel (A) was much larger than that of the ovomucin gel (B). The content of the ovomucin sol obtained from the sol parts of stored thick white increased during storage.
The hexose and hexosamine contents of the ovomucin gel (B) decreased to about one half and the sialic acid content decreased to one eighth after 20 days storage at 30°C. On the other hand, the carbonhydrate contents of the ovomucin sol (B) increased during storage and those obtained from sol parts of the stored (20 days) thick white were higher than those of the control ovomucin gel (B) obtained from the newly laid thick white. The amino acid composition of the ovomucin gel (B) and sol (B) did not show_??_great deal of change during storage.
It is suggested from these results that the properties of the ovomucin gel (B) changed greatly during storage; one portion of the ovomucin gel (B), the carbohydrate-rich component, solubilized to the sol parts of stored thick white and the other portion, the carbohydrate-poor component, remained insoluble.

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2-Chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate was determined colorimetrically. It was hydrolyzed with a veronal buffer solution (pH 8.0) to give corresponding 2-chlorophenol, which was coupled 4-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate to produce a color having a maximum absorption at 520mμ. The developed color was very stable. On the other hand, contaminated 2-chlorophenol was adsorbed in treated alumina before being hydrolyzed. Other contaminated impurities gave little influences. Technical materials and some formulated products were determined and good results were obtained.

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Polarographic protein waves were studied by using model samples. Two samples were prepared by thiolation of natural and synthetic polymers which show no catalytic wave in the ammoniacal cobalt buffer. The one was made from bacterial α-amylase by thiolation with N-acetylhomocysteine and the other was made from polyvinylalcohol by esterification with thioglycolic acid. These thiolated polymers showed typical double waves similar to protein waves both in cobaltous and cobaltic media though minute differences were present between the waves of thiolated polyvinylalcohol and those of proteins.

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During experiments to elucidate the mode of action of photosynthesis inhibiting acylanilide type herbicides, the effects of various acylanilides on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated plant mitochondria were studied. The results showed that some acylanilides acted as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation: 1) Some stimulated the ADP-limited state 4 respiration of isolated mitochondria depriving them of their re-spiratory control ability during succinate oxidation. 2) Those which stimulated state 4 respiration interfered with oxidative phosphorylation to degenerate the P/O ratio.
The following relationships between chemical structure of acylanilides and their biological activities were demonstrated: 3) Among various ring-chlorinated propionanilides, the activity of 3', 4'-DCPA was especially prominent. 4) Almost all the side chain-substituted 3', 4'-dichloroacylanilides tested were effective. 5) Both chlorination of the 3 and 4 positions of the aniline moiety and acylanilide bonding were simultaneously required for an acylanilide to produce uncoupling activity. 6) DCMU was less effective than was 3', 4'DCPA, both in stimulating state 4 and in degenerating the P/O ratio.

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The complete amino acid analysis of the whole glutelin preparation from rice endosperm was performed. The recoveries were 101.59% for amino acid residues and 101.68% for nitrogen, and the standard deviations for four determinations on the 22 and 70hr hydrolyzates were very small. The features of the amino acid composition of the protein were as follows; (1) the high contents of dicarboxylic amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, (2) about 60% of these dicarboxylic amino acids was in the amide form, and (3) the significantly low contents of tryptophan, methionine and half cystine. The amino acid analyses of the two kinds of the subunits of glutelin, the neutral major one and the basic minor one, were also carried out. There were some significant difference between the two subunits, for instance, in the contents of glutamic acid, tryptophan glycine, half cystine, methionine and lysine. However, the composition of whole glutelin seemed to be settled predominantly by that of the major subunit.

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A depolymerase capable of decomposing γ-polyglutamic acid was formed when Bacillus natto was infected with bacteriophage. By disrupting prematurely the infected bacteria, it was shown that the enzyme was induced at about 7 min after phage infection and reached to a maximum level on lysis of the infected bacteria. The enzyme activity was not detected in the uninfected bacteria. The phage particles had no enzyme activity. Preliminary studies on the enzymatic hydrolyzates by paper chromatography revealed that this enzyme cleaved γ-polyglutamic acid to small peptides by the endopeptidase action.

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Phage-induced γ-polyglutamic acid depolymerase was purified about 1000 fold by Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Using DL-γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA) produced by the host bacterium as a substrate, the enzymatic hydrolysis was studied. The enzyme decomposed rapidly PGA to small peptides with the endopeptidase action, but to glutamic acid with difficulty. Main two products were identified through their DNP-derivatives and proved to be DL-di-and tri-γ-glutamyl peptides. The enzyme could not completely cleave the PGA chain and about 40% of PGA remained without hydrolysis.

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Formation of pectinase system in Erwinia aroideae was stimulated to-considerable extent when the cells were incubated in a pectin medium containing carrot extracts. The active factor in the extract was purified about 30 fold by ethanol precipitation, and further purification was achieved by ninhydrin treatment, charcoal adsorption, dialysis and gel filtration with Sephadex G-10. Although crude carrot extract preparation also stimulated protease formation in this organism, no stimulating activity for protease formation was found in the purified factor. Acetate and butyrate which had been shown to stimulate pectinase formation, were found to stimulated protease formation as well. Pectinase formation by this organism was also stimulated by polyamines and inorganic phosphate to a considerable extent.

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D-Glucose and butyl-, ethyl-, or methyl-amine were reacted at 100°C or 70°C in an aqueous or methanol solution neutralized with acetic acid to obtain browning reaction products, and the formation of N-substituted 5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-2-aldehydes in the reaction was investigated.
At first, the reaction products were treated with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent and the resulting 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2, 4-DNPs) were fractionated by column chromatography to isolate crystalline 2, 4-DNPs. When the products obtained from D-glucose and butylamine were treated with the reagent consisting of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, sulfuric acid, water and either ethanol or methanol, 2, 4-DNP of 1-but yl-5-(ethoxymethyl or methoxymethyl)pyrrole-2-aldehyde (I or II) was isolated. In this formation ethanol or methanol was considered to be directly involved. On the other hand, 2, 4-DNP of 5-hydroxymethyl derivative (III) was not detected, even when the reagent containing water alone as a solvent was used.
Secondly, in order to isolate the free pyrrolealdehyde, the above browning reaction products were extracted with ethyl acetate and the extract was chromatographed on a silica gel column. From the main carbonyl fraction was isolated 1-butyl-, ethyl-, or methyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-pyrrole-2-aldehyde (III, IV, or V), which was characterized by elementary analyses and ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.

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Adult rats were fed a tryptophan-defficient diet containing 20% oxidized casein for 9 days and the changes of the specific activities of both free- and protein-bound methionine in the liver and muscle in process of time was compared with rats paired-fed a 20%, casein diet.
The specific activities of whole liver protein from 1 to 9 hr after intraperitoneal injection of ³⁵S-methionine were significantly enhanced for the deficient group.
On the other hand, incorporation of methionine into crude liver albumin and into muscle proteins seemed not to be significantly changed under the experimental conditions.

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It is shown that among various grains, wheat and barley contain in the endosperm a toxic substance to brewing yeast, and the substance is easily extracted with a dilute sulfuric acid solution. One unit of the toxicity is defined as the lowest amount of the extract which inhibits the yeast growth in 10ml of wort medium. Two or more units of the toxicity not only inhibited the yeast growth, but also caused the death of yeast cells. Although the toxic effect was not observed when divalent metallic ions such as Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Fe²⁺ were present at a concentration of 5×10^-3 mole or more, the toxicity could be recovered by the addition of ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetate (EDTA). Genetic relationships on the content of the toxicity in wheat and barley and sensitivity of yeast strains to the toxicity are also presented.

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A toxic substance contained in wheat and barley causing death of brewing yeast was purified and isolated as a single protein. The molecular weight of the toxic substance was estimated to be 9800 by Archibald method. The substance was found to be a simple protein by amino acid analysis. The isoelectric point was higher than pH 10. The UV absorption spectrum showed λmax 278mμ. By the measurement of the circular dichroic spectrum, the α-helix content was estimated to be 34.5%. The toxic effect was easily inactivated by trypsin, but not by chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase.

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Macromolecular synthesis in M. radiodurans after irradiation with the wide range of doses has been investigated in connection with the mechanism for cell killing in radioresistant bacteria. Incorporations of ¹⁴C-amino acids into protein and ³²P_i into RNA were considerably inhibited by gamma irradiation at higher doses as well as synthesis of DNA. From the results obtained, it is possible to consider that inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis may have an important role in primary events leading to radiation lethality of this radioresistant bacterium.

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Respiratory inhibition by piericidin A was overcome by addition of vitamin K₃ to the inhibited respiratory chain in mammalian mitochondria but not in insect mitochondria.
Antagonistic effect of vitamin K₃ on the inhibition of piericidin A was apparently found in respiration, blood pressure and heart rate in rat in vivo. Furthermore, toxicity of piericidin A to mouse and rat decreased when piericidin A was administered as the mixture of vitamin K₃ in intraperitoneal route.
No antagonistic effect of vitamin K₃ was observed on the inhibition of piericidin A in TTC reaction of american cockroach nerve cord, femorals and digestive organs. Toxicity of piericidin A to some insects were not affected by vitamin K₃.

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During the course of the induction of many species of plant callus, it was found that callus of poplar, induced on the agar medium containing 0.5mg per liter of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D), upon exposure to white light produces an anthocyanin in its cell. The callus was inoculated into submerged cultures under light on a reciprocal shaker, and the pigment produced was isolated as pure crystals.
By the use of IR spectrum, UV spectrum and other physical and chemical methods, the anthocyanin was identified as cyanidin-3-monoglucoside (chrysanthemin).

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Peracid oxidation, acid treatment and subsequent Jones oxidation of (-)-pyrocine gave (-)-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethy1-4-oxo-3-tetrahydrofurylacetic acid. Alkaline treatment of the optically active keto acid afforded the completely racemized one, and the Huang-Minlon reduction of the latter and treatment with acetyl chloride in the presence of zinc chloride gave (±)-pyrocine. By the reaction sequence it is possible to prepare racemic trans-chrysanthemic acid from the optically active one.

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Four geometrical isomers of (±)-pyrethric acid were synthesized in good yield by the Wittig reaction or by its phosphonate modification. High stereoselectivity was found in the Wittig reaction of I-methoxycarbonylethylidenetriphenylphosphorane with (±)-caronhalfaldehydic ester.

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