In 2001, Professor Baruch Lev（Stern School of Business, New York University）published the research report entitled Intangibles: Management, Measurement, and Reporting. Professor Lev pointed out the limitations of traditional accounting systems and proposed the comprehensive information system highlighting the intangible assets（“Intellectual Capital,” i.e. IC according to European style terminology）of modern business enterprises. In today’s knowledge-based new economy, particularly high-tech growth and other knowledge intensive industries, traditional accounting systems are no longer sufficient. From this perspective, this paper discusses the XBRL solutions for Enhanced Business Reporting（EBR）, that is accounting systems extended so as to be able to integrate corporation’s IC; brands, intellectual properties, innovation capabilities, human resources, organizational resources, etc. In addition this paper explores new IT auditing approach to EBR.

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This paper examines how we should define the liability and the equity, and how we should interpret and apply the definition of both. Moreover, I explore how to distinguish between liability and equity, based on the combination of definition of liability and equity. In many cases, the liability is defined as obligation to transfer assets or provide services in the future. However, problems of interpretation and application of the definition arise when liability is defined as obligation. Therefore, we need reexamination of the concept of obligation in the definition of liability. On the other hand, equity is often defined as ownership interest, as well as residual. But even in this case, problems of interpretation and application of the definition of equity arise. In addition, after we define the liability and the equity, we should examine the way of distinguishing liability, equity and revenue in trial balance. However, the third category is caused when there is repetition within the range of the liability and the equity, and when even revenue is defined in addition to the liability and the equity the fourth category is caused. Therefore, a definition of either the liability or the equity is used to divide the liability or the equity, and a definition of the other is used to divide the equity and the revenue.

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　This study examined the relationships between expenditures on prevention and appraisal activities and failure costs by using monthly quality costs data from a plant of a large electronic company. The results indicated that from 1992 to 1994, the plant could improve failure costs with no incremental investment in prevention and appraisal activities as TQM model assumed. But the results also showed that after 1995 investment in prevention and appraisal activities and failure costs increased simultaneously or were trade-off.

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　In recent Japanese companies, as the empowered autonomous organization, we can observe the wide variety of organization decision-making behavior :（a）it is not only top-management, middle-management and supervisor but frontline workers who make important management decisions, “expansion of decision concepts,”（b）the members at any level of organizational hierarchy, who concentrate on not only doing but thinking, achieve an autonomous planning and control for themselves, “expansion in the range of decision-maker.” 　For the reason above-mentioned, today’s expectations surrounding the role played by costing systems tends take the following form :（1）To assist in all sorts of decision-making through the visualization of business process,（2）To assist in effective decision-making through the demonstration of activity incremental cost information,（3）To support decision-making at the each field through building of the micro-macro-loop.

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　This paper investigates the assetability of human capital and the feasibility of human capital accounting, by using a case of an Indian IT company which offers value information of human capital. Specifically, there are three findings in this study. 　First, under the resource-based view, sustained competitive advantage of human capital is investigated, then, in current Indian IT industry, it is clarified that human capital makes a source of sustained competitive advantage. Second, the assetability of human capital and feasibility of fair value measurements are discussed, and it is clarified that human capital is assetable and fair value measurements is feasible. Third, by analyzing a case of an Indian IT company, this company measures and discloses their human capital in their annual reports, and this company orients on-balancing human capital with brand value.

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　The purpose of this study is to examine the earnings management incentives to meet earnings thresholds: zero earning, last year’s earnings and management earnings forecasts. This study finds that the earnings management incentives for contractual purposes（executive compensation, CEO turnover, debt contract）are mainly related with the earnings management to avoid earnings losses. This study also finds that firm managers with high security marketbased incentives（equity incentive, value-relevance of earnings, growth, and direct finance）are more likely to manage earnings to avoid earnings decreases and meet earnings forecasts.

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　This paper investigates knowledge spillover between audit service and non-audit service using Japan data after prohibited to provide contemporaneously two services. I find the significant positive association between existence of non-audit service, non-audit fee level, service continuity and audit fee. This finding is robust to some subsamples based on partitioning of the data by client size, auditor size, the provision of financial services, financial stress, and industry.

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　The purpose of this paper is to study the meaning of the translation adjustment as a component of net asset of comprehensive income. We make the theoretical background clear that the translation adjustment is composed of comprehensive income, for it has the nature not only revenue and expense but also receipt and disbursement in the future. 　First, we examine it from the view point of recapitalization theory, valuation account theory and deferred account theory without under particular income notion. The result shows that the translation adjustment can be characterized as both valuation account theory and deferred account theory under nominal capital maintenance. Secondly, we need to consider the translation adjustment from the view point of both deferred account theory and valuation account theory on comprehensive income. It is clear that the translation adjustment can be characterized as deferred account theory, for the translation adjustment has independent character as revenue and expense in the future. In addition, we confirm the reason that the translation adjustment is not composed of asset and liability on balance sheet by comparison with other items.

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