Tax information is very important in the corporate valuation. However, there has been little evidence using accounting accruals about tax information. In order to investigate difference of the information content between earnings management affecting taxes and earnings management affecting no taxes, I use discretionary accruals with the book-tax conformity （DBTA） and discretionary accruals without the book-tax conformity（ DBOA）. If firms use DBTA to minimize tax costs and the stock market evaluates the information, there is a positive （negative） relation between DBTA and earnings growth （E/P ratio）. Moreover, if DBOA implies accounting conservatism in Japan, there is a negative （positive） relation between DBOA and the earnings growth （E/P ratio）. Empirical results support these hypotheses, suggesting that the information content of accounting accruals changed by influence of taxes.

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 In the progress of globalization, the main players of that movement have been changed from individual organizations to the organizations of which members are other organizations. However, the reconstruction of IASC to IASB in late 1990s was contrary to that trend. With exploring two pronouncements of IASC Strategic Working Party （SWP）, this research investigates the reason why the organizational structure of IASB is different from other global organizations, or the determinant of the organizational structure of IASB. In doing so, this research presents the two ideal types of organization such as a model of representativeness and a model of expertise, and tries to explain the organizational change by the change of the organizational logics.
　This research finds the changes of the organizational logics from a model of representativeness to the co-existence of two ideal types, and then to a model of expertise. These findings suggest that such changes of the organizational logics have determined the structure of IASB today.

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　The Stock Exchange in Japan requires Japanese firms listed on the exchange to report forecasts of sales and earnings in their annual press releases. Information regarding the forecasted costs is available by subtracting forecasted earnings from forecasted sales. On the basis of the recent cost behavior research method, the forecasted rate of change in costs can be compared with the actual rate of change in costs. The major findings of this paper are that managers underestimate an increase rate of change in costs when sales are expected to increase and they overestimate a decrease rate of change in costs when sales are expected to decrease. These findings suggest that costs tend to be underestimated, resulting in the optimism in management forecasts.

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　This study investigates the characteristics of impairment loss reported by Japanese firms using empirical analysis. The empirical results are as follows.（ 1） Economic factors, especially GDP, are associated with impairment loss. （2） Impairment loss has a high association with reporting incentives （inside management’s turnover, the existence of debt contract （or higher debt to equity ratio）, and cases when the estimated profit is very different from the real profit before adjusting for impairment loss after controlling for economic factors. （3） There is a possibility of Japanese companies engaging in “income smoothing” and “Big Bath” behavior using impairment loss. Overall, the empirical results suggest that the management can exercise great flexibility in reporting impairment loss.

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　This paper studied revenue recognition standard that suggested by IASB and FASB and analyzed whether the suggested revenue recognition standard will settle the problems from the present recognition standards or not. The suggested revenue recognition principle is consistent with the revenue definition that focuses on the change of assets and liabilities, but the suggested customer consideration model is revenue and expense approach in essence. As a result, the suggested revenue recognition standards will cause the contradiction between the revenue recognition principle and the revenue measure approach.

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　Recently, a transition from stand-alone point programs to “point-alliance” programs has been recognized, but the accounting standard nevertheless does not keep pace with this situation. This paper explores business models and accounting procedures of three companies that carry on typical “point-alliance” programs in Japan. This paper explains that three companies have different business models one another, and have different accounting procedures accordingly. These results suggest that each company adopts the accounting procedure fitting reality depending on the nature of services that each company produces regardless of undeveloped accounting standard about point programs.

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　We examine the basis for expensing of employee stock options under current accounting standards. Specifically, we used contract theory based model analysis to compare employee services to the employee stock options given in compensation. This analysis showed that employee services and employee stock options were not necessarily equivalent in terms of either economic value or fair value, neither at the point at which the stock options were granted nor when exercised. Our analysis indicated the following. First, that options may be granted based not on employee services offered when the rights were established, but in anticipation for future services. Second, that it may not be possible to isolate services during specified periods. Third, that even if the problem of isolating employee services during specific periods were surmounted, that, normally, services and options are not equivalent in value. As a result of these, given the current accounting standards, in which employee services are themselves considered to be costs, inappropriate understanding of costs may result in simple allocation of retained earnings capital.

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　This paper investigates determinants of amortization period for negative goodwill in Japan by examining whether firms had chosen amortization period based on managers’ expectation of future restructuring costs. Results show that firms could chose the shorter amortization period in relief business combinations , and longer amortization period in business combinations under common control.These results suggest that firms had chosen amortization period corresponding to expected restructuring costs, and that systematic amortization required by prior accounting standard could provide useful information about the company’s future prospects.

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　To identify current status of Balanced Scorecard research in Japan, this paper investigates the Balanced Scorecard papers published in major accounting journal in Japan as well as the Balanced Scorecard articles published in major academic and professional accounting journals in western countries by applying a method used in bibliographic study. Specifically, we group and examine Balanced Scorecard literature by 5 perspectives ; （1）trend in a number of articles published, （2）research objects, （3）theories, （4）research methods and （5）setting. Based on the result, we further discuss future directions of Balanced Scorecard research in Japan, referring to the research trend in academic and professional accounting journals in western countries.

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　This paper aims to identify why and how do the discretionary behavior of managers about the cost allocation of prior service cost occur. Focusing on the situation that the amortization term of prior service cost is shorter than that of actuarial gains and losses, this paper finds two evidences. First, managers seem to manage earnings to meet the target earnings by shortening the amortization term of prior service cost. Second, foreign and/or institutional holdings may discourage managers from this discretionary behavior

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