This paper considers a vertically related market in which a monopolistic upstream firm sells its input to its downstream firms. We examine the effect of information environment （common information or disclosure） about input price on market. We show a trade-off between input price and scale effect. From the upstream firm standpoint of view, disclosure has an advantage of inducing downstream market to be competitive, but has a disadvantage of setting a higher input price. Our main claims are two. One is that the expected input price is lower under disclosure than under common information. The other is that both upstream and downstream firms’ profits may be higher under disclosure than under common information.

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　This study focuses on small- and medium-sized audit firms, who consider the problem of audit quality very important. Defining audit firms that have received the recommendation of administrative sanctions and/or other measures from the Certified Public Accountants and Auditing Oversight Board （CPAAOB） as lower-quality, this study investigates the relationship between the audit quality of audit firms and the clients’ business risk. Using return on assets （ROA）, O-score, and going concern （GC） for the proxy variables of the clients’ business risk, this study demonstrates that clients of audit firms with low audit quality tend to have high business risk.

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 This paper attempts to investigate the purpose of cost accounting used for determining the price in war time military production, the difference in Imperial Japanese Army （IJA） and Imperial Japanese Navy（ IJN） and the succession after WW2 from the relationship with Board of Audit.
　IJN used cost accounting to improve production efficiency and reduce cost，and contract officers also determined contract price based on contractor’s cost reports. On the other hand, IJA used cost accounting to estimate contract price. IJA determined the proper price based on estimated cost and profit. The difference of production quantity in transition into wartime made those differences.
　After WW2, MoD selected proper price principle which was used in IJA. As profit is calculated on regulated formula, basically results are almost identical. Therefore cost auditor approved IJA method was easy from the view of validity and cost efficiency.

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　This paper investigates the moderating effects of management accounting capabilities on the relationship between management accounting systems （MAS） and organizational performance. Based on the results of questionnaires, two findings can be determined. First, the firms that possessing high management accounting capabilities can achieve higher organizational performance by using MAS. Second, different management accounting capabilities are required when the firms try to improve organizational performance by MAS components or way to use.

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　This study investigates the factors to continue three years to decrease their education and research expense in Japanese private colleges and universities. Previous research does not conclude the best factor to decrease service efforts or costs in nonprofit sector （Tuckman and Chang 1991; Greenlee and Trussel 2001）. In this study, I test the relationship between the private colleges and universities which continue three years to decrease their education and research expenses, and profit indicator of them because I assume that profits affect their service efforts or costs. As the results of the data from 2008 to 2010, I find evidence that if private colleges and universities report less profits or losses, they are more likely to continue three years to decrease their education and research expenses. This result indicates that profit indicator in private colleges and universities is useful for accounting information users to predict their future service efforts or costs.

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　This study aims to explain why two types of accounting procedures exist for expenditures with uncertainty in the current U.S.GAAP. For this purpose, we analyze the accounting standards for environmental remediation liabilities and for unvested employee termination benefits. We identify that the SFAS5 type is applied for matters considered in secondary decision making, while the SFAS143 type is applied for matters considered in primary decision making. This result shows that two accounting procedures exist for two different objectives.

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　This paper investigates whether an increase in individual ownership lowers a discipline on corporate management. To measure the discipline by shareholders, we use the voting outcome at director elections and the rate of voting rights which “DoNotVote”. From the empirical analysis, the more ownership individual investors hold, the less voting rights exercise. Individual investors are likely to have less incentive to discipline corporate management because their investment amount is small. This result suggests that an increase in individual ownership lowers discipline on corporate management.

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　Some studies have insisted that leniency and centrality bias have bad effect on the relationship performance evaluation and promotion decision. However, there has been no empirical evidence for this effect because such an archival data with performance evaluation is unavailable. Our analysis toward an archival data in a listed company reveals that leniency bias has little effect on promotion decision while centrality bias drive the relationship between promotion decisions and performance evaluation. This result suggest that centrality bias can reduce the usefulness of performance evaluation for promotion decision.

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