With regard to Level 3 fair value measurement in financial investments, the author will conceptually delve into the areas not meeting the minimum reliable level from the perspective of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information. While taking into consideration recent discussions on reviewing conceptual framework, the author will reorganize the conceptual categories of verifiability （i.e., identification of the “reasonable verifiability” categories） to underpin the fact that material uncertainties in measurement have obstructed constructing faithful representation. In addition, the author will discuss the problem that the dichotomy of direct and indirect found in IASB is not accurate enough to fully understand the concept of verifiability. In this context, the author will also suggest that “matching verifiability” and “reasonable verifiability” together can satisfy the requirements for constructing faithful representation.

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　This paper explores Japanese managers’ motivations to commit Japanese Accounting Standards （Japanese GAAP）, to get involved in accounting fraud. As a result of my empirical analysis, it was proved that Accounting fraud companies’ financial condition and results of operations are significant worse, and their financial requirement are significant higher than the other companies. Moreover, they are significantly tend to implement IPOs.

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 This study discusses the logical necessity of the accounting standards for the unexpired component of stock-based compensation cost. Predominantly, this is an important concern because the amount of offset（ especially stockholder’s equity） differs from the amount of the unexpired component and that of net income. Moreover, some previous studies refer to the theory found in accounting standards for the unexpired component of stock-based compensation cost（ Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in 1995）, which is the commonly accepted theory. However, other than Mohri（ 2012）, there are no studies on the difference between the amounts of the offset and the unexpired component from an academic perspective.
　This research establishes the following findings: 1） the commonly accepted theory requires a legally binding authority. 2） The recognition criteria for assets are derived from the commonly accepted theory, which is based on contractual accounting（ a legally binding authority）; the focus should not be on the debit items（ recognition criteria for assets）, but on both of the debit items and the credit items （recognition criteria for both of assets and liabilities or equity）. Therefore, these findings attest the conclusion that the commonly accepted theory has no logical necessity.

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　Although there are two views that interpret the equity method as measurement basis and as one-line consolidation, in the contemporary financial accounting, there is no fixed interpretation on which view has been adopted. This study aims to analyze how the significance of the equity method has been changed in the history. For this purpose, this study reviewed the US-GAAP in comparison with EFARG（ 2014）. Consequently, this study observed that the interpretation of the equity method has been changed from one-line consolidation to measurement basis.

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　Analysts themselves collect information to improve the precision of earnings forecast. However, once Regulation Fair Disclosure （FD） comes into force and information takes on the aspect of public goods, individual analysts are expected to begin free riding on information acquired by other analysts. This paper develops a model in which analysts decide whether or not to collect costly information, and investors predict earnings based on the analysts’ behavior. The findings of this paper include, under Regulation FD, as the number of analysts grows, their motivation to collect information becomes weaker, and they depend only on public information. Further, without Regulation FD, an increase in the number of analysts has a nonnegative effect on investor’s predictive ability. Finally, under Regulation FD, investor’s predictability is at a low level compared to a case without the Regulation.

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