Radiation of light is available by radiation of heat or luminescence. The luminescence is emitted from mainly solid state materials called as phosphors when these are excited with several kind of energy. The phosphor consists of a host material and trace of ion(s) operating as luminescence center. The host materials must be pure and stoichiometric, and must not include impurities and defects to obtain strong emission. Many kind of phosphors have been developed for the progress of the field of displays and lighting.
Phosphor is a substance which converts the external energy to the light. Phosphor materials are widely used for lighting, displays, detection systems for X-ray and so on, thus these make an important class of advanced materials in our time. In this literature, we will explain the principles of phosphors and introduce their history and present status.
I introduce you to recent topics on nanophosphors, i.e., their characteristic problems and applications in addition to overview of their wet chemical preparation.
The efficiency of the white LED unit reached 150 lm/W, the highest value of the white light sources for general lighting. For the phosphors for LED, too, new material was developed, and improvement in color rendering properties is taking place. With a rapid improvement in performance for a background, practical application of LED lighting has been brought into view.
We demonstrated AlGaN multi-quantum well (MQW) deep ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelength shorter than 280nm on sapphire substrates. Low threading-dislocation density (TDD) AlN templates were used that was fabricated by using ammonia (NH3) pulse-flow multi-layer growth method. We obtained single-peaked electroluminescence (EL) from the 222-273nm AlGaN deep-UV LEDs. The maximum output power and external quantum efficiency (EQE) were 0.15mW and 0.2%, respectively, for the 227nm LED under room temperature (RT) pulsed operation, and 2.0mW and 0.32%, respectively, for the 255nm LED under RT CW operation.
Inorganic electroluminescence (EL) is classified into the categories of thin-film EL and powder EL. The former is aiming at flat panel display, and the latter aiming at solid light source. Their features and issues are described.
The greatest merit of using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) for illumination is that the plane emission of light is capable to be realized easily. Because there is not loss of the light by the member, for example, light reflector, light guide plate, the generated light is utilized effectively. We have developed materials to use for the OLEDs and recently found RGB light emissive materials of fluorescence type that had longer lifetime and high efficiency. We report an outline about development status of our low molecule type organic electroluminescence materials idel^[○!R] in the this article and introduce the performance of three-component white devices used the latest materials.
To appreciate the present status of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology and its ongoing development issues, this article briefly discusses the basic structure and working mechanisms of OLEDs based on conjugated polymers, as well as recent improvements in emission efficiency and color-tuning. In addition, the application of the polymer- based OLED technology to flat-panel displays and solidstate lighting is reviewed.